MINISTER OF INNOVATION, SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY

TABLE OF PROVISIONS

An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in the course of commercial activities

Short Title

1 This Act may be cited as the Consumer Privacy Protection Act.

Interpretation

2 (1) The following definitions apply in this Act.

alternative format, with respect to personal information, means a format that allows an individual with a sensory disability to read or listen to the personal information. (support de substitution)

anonymize means to irreversibly and permanently modify personal information, in accordance with generally accepted best practices, to ensure that no individual can be identified from the information, whether directly or indirectly, by any means. (anonymiser)

automated decision system means any technology that assists or replaces the judgment of human decision-makers through the use of a rules-based system, regression analysis, predictive analytics, machine learning, deep learning, a neural network or other technique. (système décisionnel automatisé)

breach of security safeguards means the loss of, unauthorized access to or unauthorized disclosure of personal information resulting from a breach of an organization’s security safeguards that are referred to in section 57 or from a failure to establish those safeguards. (atteinte aux mesures de sécurité)

business transaction includes

• (a) the purchase, sale or other acquisition or disposition of an organization or a part of an organization, or any of its assets;

• (b) the merger or amalgamation of two or more organizations;

• (c) the making of a loan or provision of other financing to an organization or a part of an organization;

• (d) the creating of a charge on, or the taking of a security interest in or a security on, any assets or securities of an organization;

• (e) the lease or licensing of any of an organization’s assets; and

• (f) any other prescribed arrangement between two or more organizations to conduct a business activity. (transaction commerciale)

commercial activity means any particular transaction, act or conduct or any regular course of conduct that is of a commercial character, including the selling, bartering or leasing of donor, membership or other fundraising lists. (activité commerciale)

Commissioner means the Privacy Commissioner appointed under section 53 of the Privacy Act. (commissaire)

de-identify means to modify personal information so that an individual cannot be directly identified from it, though a risk of the individual being identified remains. (dépersonnaliser)

dispose means to permanently and irreversibly delete personal information or to anonymize it. (retrait)

federal work, undertaking or business means any work, undertaking or business that is within the legislative authority of Parliament. It includes

• (a) a work, undertaking or business that is operated or carried on for or in connection with navigation and shipping, whether inland or maritime, including the operation of ships and transportation by ship anywhere in Canada;

• (b) a railway, canal, telegraph or other work or undertaking that connects a province with another province, or that extends beyond the limits of a province;

• (c) a line of ships that connects a province with another province, or that extends beyond the limits of a province;

• (d) a ferry between a province and another province or between a province and a country other than Canada;

• (e) aerodromes, aircraft or a line of air transportation;

• (f) a radio broadcasting station;

• (g) a bank or an authorized foreign bank as defined in section 2 of the Bank Act;

• (h) a work that, although wholly situated within a province, is before or after its execution declared by Parliament to be for the general advantage of Canada or for the advantage of two or more provinces;

• (i) a work, undertaking or business outside the exclusive legislative authority of the legislatures of the provinces; and

• (j) a work, undertaking or business to which federal laws, within the meaning of section 2 of the Oceans Act, apply under section 20 of that Act and any regulations made under paragraph 26(1)‍(k) of that Act. (entreprises fédérales)

Minister means the member of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada designated under section 3 or, if no member is designated, the Minister of Industry. (ministre)

organization includes an association, a partnership, a person or a trade union. (organisation)

personal information means information about an identifiable individual. (renseignement personnel)

prescribed means prescribed by regulation. (Version anglaise seulement)

record means any documentary material, regardless of medium or form. (document)

service provider means an organization, including a parent corporation, subsidiary, affiliate, contractor or subcontractor, that provides services for or on behalf of another organization to assist the organization in fulfilling its purposes. (fournisseur de services)

Tribunal means the Personal Information and Data Protection Tribunal established under section 4 of the Personal Information and Data Protection Tribunal Act. (Tribunal)

(2) For the purposes of this Act, the personal information of minors is considered to be sensitive information.

(3) For the purposes of this Act, other than sections 20 and 21, subsections 22(1) and 39(1), sections 55 and 56, subsection 63(1) and sections 71, 72, 74, 75 and 116, personal information that has been de-identified is considered to be personal information.

3 The Governor in Council may, by order, designate any member of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada to be the Minister for the purposes of this Act.

4 The rights and recourses provided under this Act may be exercised

• (a) on behalf of a minor by a parent, guardian or tutor, unless the minor wishes to personally exercise those rights and recourses and is capable of doing so;

• (b) on behalf of an individual, other than a minor, under a legal incapacity by a person authorized by law to administer the affairs or property of that individual; and

• (c) on behalf of a deceased individual by a person authorized by law to administer the estate or succession of that individual, but only for the purpose of that administration.

Purpose and Application

5 The purpose of this Act is to establish — in an era in which data is constantly flowing across borders and geographical boundaries and significant economic activity relies on the analysis, circulation and exchange of personal information — rules to govern the protection of personal information in a manner that recognizes the right of privacy of individuals with respect to their personal information and the need of organizations to collect, use or disclose personal information for purposes that a reasonable person would consider appropriate in the circumstances.

6 (1) This Act applies to every organization in respect of personal information that

• (a) the organization collects, uses or discloses in the course of commercial activities; or

• (b) is about an employee of, or an applicant for employment with, the organization and that the organization collects, uses or discloses in connection with the operation of a federal work, undertaking or business.

(2) For greater certainty, this Act applies in respect of personal information

• (a) that is collected, used or disclosed interprovincially or internationally by an organization; or

• (b) that is collected, used or disclosed by an organization within a province, to the extent that the organization is not exempt from the application of this Act under an order made under paragraph 122(2)‍(b).

(3) This Act also applies to an organization set out in column 1 of the schedule in respect of personal information set out in column 2.

(4) This Act does not apply to

• (a) any government institution to which the Privacy Act applies;

• (b) any individual in respect of personal information that the individual collects, uses or discloses solely for personal or domestic purposes;

• (c) any organization in respect of personal information that the organization collects, uses or discloses solely for journalistic, artistic or literary purposes;

• (d) any organization in respect of an individual’s personal information that the organization collects, uses or discloses solely for the purpose of communicating or facilitating communication with the individual in relation to their employment, business or profession; or

• (e) any organization that is, under an order made under paragraph 122(2)‍(b), exempt from the application of this Act in respect of the collection, use or disclosure of personal information that occurs within a province in respect of which the order was made.

(5) For greater certainty, this Act does not apply in respect of personal information that has been anonymized.

(6) Every provision of this Act applies despite any provision, enacted after December 31, 2000, of any other Act of Parliament, unless the other Act expressly declares that that provision operates despite the provision of this Act.

PART 1 

Obligations of Organizations

7 (1) An organization is accountable for personal information that is under its control.

(2) Personal information is under the control of the organization that decides to collect it and that determines the purposes for its collection, use or disclosure, regardless of whether the information is collected, used or disclosed by the organization itself or by a service provider on behalf of the organization.

8 (1) An organization must designate one or more individuals to be responsible for matters related to its obligations under this Act. It must provide the designated individual’s business contact information to any person who requests it.

(2) The designation of an individual under subsection (1) does not relieve the organization of its obligations under this Act.

9 (1) Every organization must implement and maintain a privacy management program that includes the policies, practices and procedures the organization has put in place to fulfill its obligations under this Act, including policies, practices and procedures respecting

• (a) the protection of personal information;

• (b) how requests for information and complaints are received and dealt with;

• (c) the training and information provided to the organization’s staff respecting its policies, practices and procedures; and

• (d) the development of materials to explain the organization’s policies and procedures.

(2) In developing its privacy management program, the organization must take into account the volume and sensitivity of the personal information under its control.

10 (1) An organization must, on request of the Commissioner, provide the Commissioner with access to the policies, practices and procedures that are included in its privacy management program.

(2) The Commissioner may, after reviewing the policies, practices and procedures, provide guidance on, or recommend that corrective measures be taken by the organization in relation to, its privacy management program.

11 (1) If an organization transfers personal information to a service provider, the organization must ensure, by contract or otherwise, that the service provider provides a level of protection of the personal information equivalent to that which the organization is required to provide under this Act.

(2) The obligations under this Part, other than those set out in sections 57 and 61, do not apply to a service provider in respect of personal information that is transferred to it. However, the service provider is subject to all of the obligations under this Part if it collects, uses or discloses that information for any purpose other than the purposes for which the information was transferred.

12 (1) An organization may collect, use or disclose personal information only in a manner and for purposes that a reasonable person would consider appropriate in the circumstances, whether or not consent is required under this Act.

(2) The following factors must be taken into account in determining whether the manner and purposes referred to in subsection (1) are appropriate:

• (a) the sensitivity of the personal information;

• (b) whether the purposes represent legitimate business needs of the organization;

• (c) the effectiveness of the collection, use or disclosure in meeting the organization’s legitimate business needs;

• (d) whether there are less intrusive means of achieving those purposes at a comparable cost and with comparable benefits; and

• (e) whether the individual’s loss of privacy is proportionate to the benefits in light of the measures, technical or otherwise, implemented by the organization to mitigate the impacts of the loss of privacy on the individual.

(3) An organization must determine at or before the time of the collection of any personal information each of the purposes for which the information is to be collected, used or disclosed and record those purposes.

(4) If the organization determines that the personal information it has collected is to be used or disclosed for a new purpose, the organization must record that new purpose before using or disclosing that information for the new purpose.

13 The organization may collect only the personal information that is necessary for the purposes determined and recorded under subsection 12(3).

14 (1) An organization must not use or disclose personal information for a purpose other than a purpose determined and recorded under subsection 12(3), unless the organization obtains the individual’s valid consent before any use or disclosure for that other purpose.

(2) Despite subsection (1), an organization may

• (a) use personal information for a purpose other than a purpose determined and recorded under subsection 12(3) in any of the circumstances set out in sections 18, 20 and 21, subsections 22(1) and (3) and sections 23, 24, 26, 30, 41 and 51; or

• (b) disclose personal information for a purpose other than a purpose determined and recorded under subsection 12(3) in any of the circumstances set out in subsections 22(1) and (3), sections 23 to 28, 31 to 37 and 39, subsection 40(3) and sections 42 and 43 to 51.

15 (1) Unless this Act provides otherwise, an organization must obtain an individual’s valid consent for the collection, use or disclosure of the individual’s personal information.

(2) The individual’s consent must be obtained at or before the time of the collection of the personal information or, if the information is to be used or disclosed for a purpose other than a purpose determined and recorded under subsection 12(3), before any use or disclosure of the information for that other purpose.

(3) The individual’s consent is valid only if, at or before the time that the organization seeks the individual’s consent, it provides the individual with the following information:

• (a) the purposes for the collection, use or disclosure of the personal information determined by the organization and recorded under subsection 12(3) or (4);

• (b) the manner in which the personal information is to be collected, used or disclosed;

• (c) any reasonably foreseeable consequences of the collection, use or disclosure of the personal information;

• (d) the specific type of personal information that is to be collected, used or disclosed; and

• (e) the names of any third parties or types of third parties to which the organization may disclose the personal information.

(4) The organization must provide the information referred to in subsection (3) in plain language that an individual to whom the organization’s activities are directed would reasonably be expected to understand.

(5) Consent must be expressly obtained unless, subject to subsection (6), it is appropriate to rely on an individual’s implied consent, taking into account the reasonable expectations of the individual and the sensitivity of the personal information that is to be collected, used or disclosed.

(6) It is not appropriate to rely on an individual’s implied consent if their personal information is collected or used for an activity described in subsection 18(2) or (3).

(7) The organization must not, as a condition of the provision of a product or service, require an individual to consent to the collection, use or disclosure of their personal information beyond what is necessary to provide the product or service.

16 An organization must not obtain or attempt to obtain an individual’s consent by providing false or misleading information or using deceptive or misleadingpractices. Any consent obtained under those circumstances is invalid. 

17 (1) On giving reasonable notice to an organization, an individual may, at any time, subject to this Act, to federal or provincial law or to the reasonable terms of a contract, withdraw their consent in whole or in part.

(2) On receiving the notice from the individual, the organization must inform the individual of the consequences of the withdrawal of their consent and, as soon as feasible after that, cease the collection, use or disclosure of the individual’s personal information in respect of which the consent was withdrawn.

18 (1) An organization may collect or use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the collection or use is made for the purpose of a business activity described in subsection (2) and

• (a) a reasonable person would expect the collection or use for such an activity; and

• (b) the personal information is not collected or used for the purpose of influencing the individual’s behaviour or decisions.

(2) Subject to the regulations, the following activities are business activities for the purpose of subsection (1):

• (a) an activity that is necessary to provide a product or service that the individual has requested from the organization;

• (b) an activity that is necessary for the organization’s information, system or network security;

• (c) an activity that is necessary for the safety of a product or service that the organization provides; and

• (d) any other prescribed activity.

(3) An organization may collect or use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the collection or use is made for the purpose of an activity in which the organization has a legitimate interest that outweighs any potential adverse effect on the individual resulting from that collection or use and

• (a) a reasonable person would expect the collection or use for such an activity; and

• (b) the personal information is not collected or used for the purpose of influencing the individual’s behaviour or decisions.

(4) Prior to collecting or using personal information under subsection (3), the organization must

• (a) identify any potential adverse effect on the individual that is likely to result from the collection or use;

• (b) identify and take reasonable measures to reduce the likelihood that the effects will occur or to mitigate or eliminate them; and

• (c) comply with any prescribed requirements.

(5) The organization must record its assessment of how it meets the conditions set out in subsection (4) and must, on request, provide a copy of the assessment to the Commissioner.

19 An organization may transfer an individual’s personal information to a service provider without their knowledge or consent.

20 An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to de-identify the information.

21 An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent for the organization’s internal research, analysis and development purposes, if the information is de-identified before it is used.

22 (1) Organizations that are parties to a prospective business transaction may use and disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if

• (a) the information is de-identified before it is used or disclosed and remains so until the transaction is completed;

• (b) the organizations have entered into an agreement that requires the organization that receives the information

  • (i) to use and disclose that information solely for purposes related to the transaction,

  • (ii) to protect the information by security safeguards proportionate to the sensitivity of the information, and

  • (iii) if the transaction does not proceed, to return the information to the organization that disclosed it, or dispose of it, within a reasonable time;

• (c) the organizations comply with the terms of that agreement; and

• (d) the information is necessary

  • (i) to determine whether to proceed with the transaction, and

  • (ii) if the determination is made to proceed with the transaction, to complete it.

(2) The requirement referred to in paragraph (1)‍(a) does not apply if it would undermine the objectives for carrying out the transaction and the organization has taken into account the risk of harm to the individual that could result from using or disclosing the information.

(3) If the business transaction is completed, the organizations that are parties to the transaction may use and disclose the personal information referred to in subsection (1) without the individual’s knowledge or consent if

• (a) the organizations have entered into an agreement that requires each of them

  • (i) to use and disclose the information under its control solely for the purposes for which the information was collected or permitted to be used or disclosed before the transaction was completed,

  • (ii) to protect that information by security safeguards proportionate to the sensitivity of the information, and

  • (iii) to give effect to any withdrawal of consent made under subsection 17(1);

• (b) the organizations comply with the terms of that agreement;

• (c) the information is necessary for carrying on the business or activity that was the object of the transaction; and

• (d) one of the parties notifies the individual, within a reasonable time after the transaction is completed, that the transaction has been completed and that their information has been disclosed under subsection (1).

(4) Subsections (1) and (3) do not apply to a business transaction of which the primary purpose or result is the purchase, sale or other acquisition or disposition, or lease, of personal information.

23 An organization may collect, use or disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if it was produced by the individual in the course of their employment, business or profession and the collection, use or disclosure is consistent with the purposes for which the information was produced.

24 An organization that operates a federal work, undertaking or business may collect, use or disclose an individual’s personal information without their consent if

• (a) the collection, use or disclosure is necessary to establish, manage or terminate an employment relationship between the organization and the individual in connection with the operation of a federal work, undertaking or business; and

• (b) the organization has informed the individual that the personal information will be or may be collected, used or disclosed for those purposes.

25 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a lawyer or, in Quebec, a lawyer or notary, who is representing the organization.

26 An organization may collect, use or disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the information is contained in a witness statement and the collection, use or disclosure is necessary to assess, process or settle an insurance claim.

27 (1) An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information to another organization without the individual’s knowledge or consent if the disclosure is reasonable for the purposes of detecting or suppressing fraud or of preventing fraud that is likely to be committed and it is reasonable to expect that the disclosure with the individual’s knowledge or consent would compromise the ability to prevent, detect or suppress the fraud.

(2) An organization may collect or use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the information was disclosed to it under subsection (1).

28 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent for the purpose of collecting a debt owed by the individual to the organization.

29 (1) An organization may collect an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the collection is clearly in the interests of the individual and consent cannot be obtained in a timely way.

(2) An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the information was collected under subsection (1).

30 An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent for the purpose of acting in respect of an emergency that threatens the life, health or security of any individual.

31 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a person who needs the information because of an emergency that threatens the life, health or security of any individual. If the individual whom the information is about is alive, the organization must inform that individual in writing without delay of the disclosure.

32 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the disclosure is necessary to identify the individual who is injured, ill or deceased and is made to a government institution, a part of a government institution or the individual’s next of kin or authorized representative. If the individual is alive, the organization must inform them in writing without delay of the disclosure.

33 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a government institution or part of a government institution that has made a request for the information, identified its lawful authority to obtain the information and indicated that the disclosure is requested for the purpose of communicating with the next of kin or authorized representative of an injured, ill or deceased individual.

34 An organization may on its own initiative disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a government institution, a part of a government institution or the individual’s next of kin or authorized representative if

• (a) the organization has reasonable grounds to believe that the individual has been, is or may be the victim of financial abuse;

• (b) the disclosure is made solely for purposes related to preventing or investigating the abuse; and

• (c) it is reasonable to expect that disclosure with the knowledge or consent of the individual would compromise the ability to prevent or investigate the abuse.

35 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if

• (a) the disclosure is made for statistical purposes or for study or research purposes and those purposes cannot be achieved without disclosing the information;

• (b) it is impracticable to obtain consent; and

• (c) the organization informs the Commissioner of the disclosure before the information is disclosed.

36 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to an institution whose functions include the conservation of records of historic or archival importance, if the disclosure is made for the purpose of such conservation.

37 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent after the earlier of

• (a) 100 years after the record containing the information was created, and

• (b) 20 years after the death of the individual.

38 An organization may collect an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the collection is solely for journalistic, artistic or literary purposes.

39 (1) An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if

• (a) the personal information is de-identified before the disclosure is made;

• (b) the disclosure is made to

  • (i) a government institution or part of a government institution in Canada,

  • (ii) a health care institution, post-secondary educational institution or public library in Canada,

  • (iii) any organization that is mandated, under a federal or provincial law or by contract with a government institution or part of a government institution in Canada, to carry out a socially beneficial purpose, or

  • (iv) any other prescribed entity; and

• (c) the disclosure is made for a socially beneficial purpose.

(2) For the purpose of this section, socially beneficial purpose means a purpose related to health, the provision or improvement of public amenities or infrastructure, the protection of the environment or any other prescribed purpose.

40 (1) An organization may collect an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if it is reasonable to expect that the collection with their knowledge or consent would compromise the availability or the accuracy of the information and the collection is reasonable for purposes related to investigating a breach of an agreement or a contravention of federal or provincial law.

(2) An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the information was collected under subsection (1).

(3) An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the disclosure is made to another organization and is reasonable for the purposes of investigating a breach of an agreement or a contravention of federal or provincial law that has been, is being or is about to be committed and it is reasonable to expect that disclosure with the knowledge or consent of the individual would compromise the investigation.

41 An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if, in the course of its activities, the organization becomes aware of information that it has reasonable grounds to believe could be useful in the investigation of a contravention of federal or provincial law or law of a foreign jurisdiction that has been, is being or is about to be committed and the information is used for the purpose of investigating that contravention.

42 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if

• (a) the disclosure is made to the other organization, government institution or part of a government institution that was notified of a breach under subsection 59(1); and

• (b) the disclosure is made solely for the purposes of reducing the risk of harm to the individual that could result from the breach or mitigating that harm.

43 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a government institution or part of a government institution that has made a request for the information, identified its lawful authority to obtain the information and indicated that the disclosure is requested for the purpose of administering federal or provincial law.

44 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a government institution or part of a government institution that has made a request for the information, identified its lawful authority to obtain the information and indicated that the disclosure is requested for the purpose of enforcing federal or provincial law or law of a foreign jurisdiction, carrying out an investigation relating to the enforcement of any such law or gathering intelligence for the purpose of enforcing any such law.

45 An organization may on its own initiative disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a government institution or a part of a government institution if the organization has reasonable grounds to believe that the information relates to a contravention of federal or provincial law or law of a foreign jurisdiction that has been, is being or is about to be committed.

46 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to the government institution referred to in section 7 of the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act as required by that section.

47 (1) An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a government institution or part of a government institution that has made a request for the information, identified its lawful authority to obtain the information and indicated that it suspects that the information relates to national security, the defence of Canada or the conduct of international affairs.

(2) An organization may collect an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent for the purpose of making a disclosure under subsection (1).

(3) An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if it was collected under subsection (2).

48 (1) An organization may on its own initiative disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent to a government institution or a part of a government institution if the organization suspects that the information relates to national security, the defence of Canada or the conduct of international affairs.

(2) An organization may collect an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent for the purpose of making a disclosure under subsection (1).

(3) An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if it was collected under subsection (2).

49 (1) An organization may collect an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent for the purpose of making a disclosure that is required by law.

(2) An organization may use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if it was collected under subsection (1).

(3) An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the disclosure is required by law.

50 An organization may disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the disclosure is required to comply with a subpoena or warrant issued or an order made by a court, person or body with jurisdiction to compel the production of information, or to comply with rules of procedure relating to the production of records.

51 An organization may collect, use or disclose an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent if the personal information is publicly available and is specified by the regulations.

52 (1) The following definitions apply in this section.

access means to program, execute programs on, communicate with, store data in, retrieve data from or otherwise make use of any resources, including data or programs of a computer system or a computer network. (utiliser)

computer program has the same meaning as in subsection 342.‍1(2) of the Criminal Code. (programme d’ordinateur)

computer system has the same meaning as in subsection 342.‍1(2) of the Criminal Code. (ordinateur)

electronic address means an address used in connection with

• (a) an electronic mail account;

• (b) an instant messaging account; or

• (c) any similar account. (adresse électronique)

(2) An organization is not authorized under any of sections 18, 23 and 26, subsection 29(1) and sections 30, 38, 41 and 51 to

• (a) collect an individual’s electronic address without their knowledge or consent, if the address is collected by the use of a computer program that is designed or marketed primarily for use in generating or searching for, and collecting, electronic addresses; or

• (b) use an individual’s electronic address without their knowledge or consent, if the address is collected by the use of a computer program described in paragraph (a).

(3) An organization is not authorized under any of sections 18, 23 and 26, subsection 29(1), sections 30 and 38, subsection 40(1) and sections 41 and 51 to

• (a) collect an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent, through any means of telecommunication, if the information is collected by accessing a computer system or causing a computer system to be accessed in contravention of an Act of Parliament; or

• (b) use an individual’s personal information without their knowledge or consent, if the information is collected in a manner described in paragraph (a).

(4) Despite subsection 15(5), an organization is not to rely on an individual’s implied consent in respect of any collection of personal information described in paragraph (2)‍(a) or (3)‍(a) or any use of personal information described in paragraph (2)‍(b) or (3)‍(b).

53 (1) An organization must not retain personal information for a period longer than necessary to

• (a) fulfill the purposes for which the information was collected, used or disclosed; or

• (b) comply with the requirements of this Act, of federal or provincial law or of the reasonable terms of a contract.

The organization must dispose of the information as soon as feasible after that period.

(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)‍(a), when determining the retention period, the organization must take into account the sensitivity of the information.

54 An organization that uses personal information to make a decision about an individual must retain the information for a sufficient period of time to permit the individual to make a request for access under section 63.

55 (1) If an organization receives a written request from an individual to dispose of their personal information that is under the organization’s control, the organization must, as soon as feasible, dispose of the information, if

• (a) the information was collected, used or disclosed in contravention of this Act;

• (b) the individual has withdrawn their consent, in whole or in part, to the collection, use or disclosure of the information; or

• (c) the information is no longer necessary for the continued provision of a product or service requested by the individual.

(2) An organization may refuse a request to dispose of personal information in the circumstances described in paragraph (1)‍(b) or (c) if

• (a) disposing of the information would result in the disposal of personal information about another individual and the information is not severable;

• (b) there are other requirements of this Act, of federal or provincial law or of the reasonable terms of a contract that prevent it from disposing of the information;

• (c) the information is necessary for the establishment of a legal defence or in the exercise of other legal remedies by the organization;

• (d) the information is not in relation to a minor and the disposal of the information would have an undue adverse impact on the accuracy or integrity of information that is necessary to the ongoing provision of a product or service to the individual in question;

• (e) the request is vexatious or made in bad faith; or

• (f) the information is not in relation to a minor and it is scheduled to be disposed of in accordance with the organization’s information retention policy, and the organization informs the individual of the remaining period of time for which the information will be retained.

(3) An organization that refuses to dispose of an individual’s personal information must inform them in writing of the refusal, setting out the reasons and any recourse that they may have under section 73 or subsection 82(1).

(4) If an organization disposes of personal information at an individual’s request, it must, as soon as feasible, inform any service provider to which it has transferred the information of the request and ensure that the service provider has disposed of the information.

56 (1) An organization must take reasonable steps to ensure that personal information under its control is as accurate, up-to-date and complete as is necessary to fulfill the purposes for which the information is collected, used or disclosed.

(2) In determining the extent to which personal information must be accurate, complete and up-to-date, the organization must take into account the individual’s interests, including

• (a) whether the information may be used to make a decision about the individual;

• (b) whether the information is used on an ongoing basis; and

• (c) whether the information is disclosed to third parties.

(3) An organization is not to routinely update personal information unless it is necessary to fulfill the purposes for which the information is collected, used or disclosed.

57 (1) An organization must protect personal information through physical, organizational and technological security safeguards. The level of protection provided by those safeguards must be proportionate to the sensitivity of the information.

(2) In addition to the sensitivity of the information, the organization must, in establishing its security safeguards, take into account the quantity, distribution, format and method of storage of the information.

(3) The security safeguards must protect personal information against, among other things, loss, theft and unauthorized access, disclosure, copying, use and modification and must include reasonable measures to authenticate the identity of the individual to whom the personal information relates.

58 (1) An organization must report to the Commissioner any breach of security safeguards involving personal information under its control if it is reasonable in the circumstances to believe that the breach creates a real risk of significant harm to an individual.

(2) The report must contain the prescribed information and must be made in the prescribed form and manner as soon as feasible after the organization determines that the breach has occurred.

(3) Unless otherwise prohibited by law, an organization must notify an individual of any breach of security safeguards involving the individual’s personal information under the organization’s control if it is reasonable in the circumstances to believe that the breach creates a real risk of significant harm to the individual.

(4) The notification must contain sufficient information to allow the individual to understand the significance to them of the breach and to take steps, if any are possible, to reduce the risk of harm that could result from it or to mitigate that harm. It must also contain any other prescribed information.

(5) The notification must be conspicuous and must be given directly to the individual in the prescribed form and manner, except in prescribed circumstances, in which case it must be given indirectly in the prescribed form and manner.

(6) The notification must be given as soon as feasible after the organization determines that the breach has occurred.

(7) For the purpose of this section, significant harm includes bodily harm, humiliation, damage to reputation orrelationships, loss of employment, business or professional opportunities, financial loss, identity theft, negative effects on the credit record and damage to or loss of property. 

(8) The factors that are relevant to determining whether a breach of security safeguards creates a real risk of significant harm to the individual include

• (a) the sensitivity of the personal information involved in the breach;

• (b) the probability that the personal information has been, is being or will be misused; and

• (c) any other prescribed factor.

59 (1) An organization that notifies an individual of a breach of security safeguards under subsection 58(3) must notify any other organization, a government institution or a part of a government institution of the breach if the notifying organization believes that the other organization or the government institution or part concerned may be able to reduce the risk of harm that could result from it or mitigate that harm, or if any of the prescribed conditions are satisfied.

(2) The notification must be given as soon as feasible after the organization determines that the breach has occurred.

60 (1) An organization must, in accordance with any prescribed requirements, keep and maintain a record of every breach of security safeguards involving personal information under its control.

(2) An organization must, on request, provide the Commissioner with access to, or a copy of, the record.

61 If a service provider determines that any breach of security safeguards has occurred that involves personal information, it must as soon as feasible notify the organization that controls the personal information.

62 (1) An organization must make readily available, in plain language, information that explains the organization’s policies and practices put in place to fulfill its obligations under this Act.

(2) In fulfilling its obligation under subsection (1), an organization must make the following information available:

• (a) a description of the type of personal information under the organization’s control;

• (b) a general account of how the organization uses the personal information and of how it applies the exceptions to the requirement to obtain an individual’s consent under this Act, including a description of any activities referred to in subsection 18(3) in which it has a legitimate interest;

• (c) a general account of the organization’s use of any automated decision system to make predictions, recommendations or decisions about individuals that could have a significant impact on them;

• (d) whether or not the organization carries out any international or interprovincial transfer or disclosure of personal information that may have reasonably foreseeable privacy implications;

• (e) the retention periods applicable to sensitive personal information;

• (f) how an individual may make a request for disposal under section 55 or access under section 63; and

• (g) the business contact information of the individual to whom complaints or requests for information may be made.

63 (1) On request by an individual, an organization must inform them of whether it has any personal information about them, how it uses the information and whether it has disclosed the information. It must also give the individual access to the information.

(2) If the organization has disclosed the information, the organization must also provide to the individual the names of the third parties or types of third parties to which the disclosure was made, including in cases where the disclosure was made without the consent of the individual.

(3) If the organization has used an automated decision system to make a prediction, recommendation or decision about the individual that could have a significant impact on them, the organization must, on request by the individual, provide them with an explanation of the prediction, recommendation or decision.

(4) The explanation must indicate the type of personal information that was used to make the prediction, recommendation or decision, the source of the information and the reasons or principal factors that led to the prediction, recommendation or decision.

64 (1) A request under section 63 must be made in writing.

(2) An organization must assist any individual who informs the organization that they need assistance in preparing a request to the organization.

65 An organization may require the individual to provide it with sufficient information to allow the organization to fulfill its obligations under section 63.

66 (1) The information referred to in section 63 must be provided to the individual in plain language.

(2) For the purpose of section 63, an organization must give access to personal information in an alternative format to an individual with a sensory disability who requests that it be transmitted in that format if

• (a) a version of the information already exists in that format; or

• (b) its conversion into that format is reasonable and necessary in order for the individual to be able to exercise rights under this Act.

(3) An organization may choose to give an individual access to sensitive medical information through a medical practitioner.

67 (1) An organization must respond to a request made under section 63 with due diligence and in any case no later than 30 days after the day on which the request was received.

(2) An organization may extend the time limit

• (a) for a maximum of 30 days if

  • (i) meeting the time limit would unreasonably interfere with the activities of the organization, or

  • (ii) the time required to undertake any consultations necessary to respond to the request would make the time limit impracticable to meet; or

• (b) for the period that is necessary in order to be able to convert the personal information into an alternative format.

In either case, the organization must, no later than 30 days after the day on which the request was received, send a notice of extension to the individual, advising them of the new time limit, the reasons for extending the time limit and their right to make a complaint to the Commissioner in respect of the extension.

(3) An organization that responds within the time limit and refuses a request must inform the individual in writing of the refusal, setting out the reasons and any recourse that they may have under section 73 or subsection 82(1).

(4) If the organization fails to respond within the time limit, the organization is deemed to have refused the request.

68 An organization must not respond to the individual’s request made under section 63 at a cost unless

• (a) the organization has informed the individual of the approximate cost;

• (b) the cost to the individual is minimal; and

• (c) the individual has advised the organization that the request is not being withdrawn.

69 An organization that has personal information that is the subject of a request made under section 63 must retain the information for as long as is necessary to allow the individual to exhaust any recourse that they may have under this Act.

70 (1) Despite section 63, an organization must not give an individual access to personal information under that section if doing so would likely reveal personal information about another individual. However, if the information about the other individual is severable from the information about the requester, the organization must sever the information about the other individual before giving the requester access.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the other individual consents to the access or the requester needs the information because an individual’s life, health or security is threatened.

(3) An organization must comply with subsection (4) if an individual requests that the organization

• (a) inform the individual about

  • (i) any disclosure to a government institution or a part of a government institution under section 44, 45 or 46, subsection 47(1) or 48(1) or section 50, or

  • (ii) the existence of any information that the organization has relating to a disclosure referred to in subparagraph (i), to a subpoena, warrant or order referred to in section 50 or to a request made by a government institution or a part of a government institution under section 44 or subsection 47(1); or

• (b) give the individual access to the information referred to in subparagraph (a)‍(ii).

(4) An organization to which subsection (3) applies

• (a) must, in writing and without delay, notify the institution or part concerned of the request made by the individual; and

• (b) must not respond to the request before the earlier of

  • (i) the day on which it is notified under subsection (5), and

  • (ii) 30 days after the day on which the institution or part is notified.

(5) Within 30 days after the day on which it is notified under subsection (4), the institution or part must notify the organization of whether the institution or part objects to the organization complying with the request. The institution or part may object only if the institution or part is of the opinion that compliance with the request could reasonably be expected to be injurious to

• (a) national security, the defence of Canada or the conduct of international affairs;

• (b) the detection, prevention or deterrence of money laundering or the financing of terrorist activities; or

• (c) the enforcement of federal or provincial law or law of a foreign jurisdiction, an investigation relating to the enforcement of any such law or the gathering of intelligence for the purpose of enforcing any such law.

(6) Despite section 63, if an organization is notified under subsection (5) that the institution or part objects to the organization complying with the request, the organization

• (a) must refuse the request to the extent that it relates to paragraph (3)‍(a) or to information referred to in subparagraph (3)‍(a)‍(ii);

• (b) must notify the Commissioner, in writing and without delay, of the refusal;

• (c) must not give the individual access to any information that the organization has relating to a disclosure to a government institution or a part of a government institution under section 44, 45 or 46, subsection 47(1) or 48(1) or section 50 or to a request made by a government institution or part of a government institution under section 44 or subsection 47(1);

• (d) must not provide to the individual the name of the government institution or part to which the disclosure was made or its type; and

• (e) must not disclose to the individual the fact that the organization notified an institution or part under paragraph (4)‍(a), that the institution or part objects or that the Commissioner was notified under paragraph (b).

(7) Despite section 63, an organization is not required to give access to personal information if

• (a) the information is protected by solicitor-client privilege or the professional secrecy of advocates and notaries or by litigation privilege;

• (b) to do so would reveal confidential commercial information;

• (c) to do so could reasonably be expected to threaten the life or security of another individual;

• (d) the information was collected under subsection 40(1);

• (e) the information was generated in the course of a formal dispute resolution process; or

• (f) the information was created for the purpose of making a disclosure under the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act or in the course of an investigation into a disclosure under that Act.

However, in the circumstances described in paragraph (b) or (c), if giving access to the information would reveal confidential commercial information or could reasonably be expected to threaten the life or security of another individual, as the case may be, and that information is severable from any other information for which access is requested, the organization must give the individual access after severing.

(8) Subsection (7) does not apply if the individual needs the information because an individual’s life, health or security is threatened.

(9) If an organization decides not to give access to personal information in the circumstances set out in paragraph (7)‍(d), the organization must, in writing, notify the Commissioner, and must provide any information that the Commissioner may specify.

71 (1) If an individual has been given access to their personal information and demonstrates that the information is not accurate, up-to-date or complete, the organization must amend the information as required.

(2) The organization must, if it is appropriate to do so, transmit the amended information to any third party that has access to the information.

(3) If the organization and the individual do not agree on the amendments that are to be made to the information, the organization must record the disagreement and, if it is appropriate to do so, inform third parties that have access to the information of the fact that there is a disagreement.

72 Subject to the regulations, on the request of an individual, an organization must as soon as feasible disclose the personal information that it has collected from the individual to an organization designated by the individual, if both organizations are subject to a data mobility framework.

73 (1) An individual may make a complaint, or a request for information, to an organization with respect to its compliance with this Part. The organization must respond to any complaint or request that it receives.

(2) An organization must make readily available information about the process for making a complaint or request.

(3) An organization must investigate any complaint that it receives and make any necessary changes to its policies, practices and procedures as a result of the investigation.

74 An organization that de-identifies personal information must ensure that any technical and administrative measures applied to the information are proportionate to the purpose for which the information is de-identified and the sensitivity of the personal information.

75 An organization must not use information that has been de-identified, alone or in combination with other information, to identify an individual except

• (a) to conduct testing of the effectiveness of security safeguards that it has put in place;

• (b) to comply with any requirements under this Act or under federal or provincial law;

• (c) to conduct testing of the fairness and accuracy of models, processes and systems that were developed using information that has been de-identified;

• (d) to conduct testing of the effectiveness of its de-identification processes;

• (e) for a purpose or situation authorized by the Commissioner under section 116; and

• (f) in any other prescribed circumstance.

PART 2 

Commissioner’s Powers, Duties and Functions and General Provisions

76 (1) For the purpose of this section and sections 77 to 81, entity includes any organization, regardless of whether it is an organization to which this Act applies, or a government institution.

(2) An entity may, in accordance with the regulations, apply to the Commissioner for approval of a code of practice that provides for substantially the same or greater protection of personal information as some or all of the protection provided under this Act.

(3) The Commissioner may approve the code of practice if the Commissioner determines that the code meets the criteria set out in the regulations.

77 (1) An entity may, in accordance with the regulations, apply to the Commissioner for approval of a certification program that includes

• (a) a code of practice that provides for substantially the same or greater protection of personal information as some or all of the protection provided under this Act;

• (b) guidelines for interpreting and implementing the code of practice;

• (c) a mechanism by which an entity that operates the program may certify that an organization is in compliance with the code of practice;

• (d) a mechanism for the independent verification of an organization’s compliance with the code of practice;

• (e) disciplinary measures for non-compliance with the code of practice by an organization, including the revocation of an organization’s certification; and

• (f) anything else that is provided in the regulations.

(2) The Commissioner may approve the certification program if the Commissioner determines that the program meets the criteria set out in the regulations.

78 The Commissioner must respond in writing to an application under subsection 76(2) or 77(1) in the time specified in the regulations.

79 The Commissioner must make public a decision to approve a code of practice or certification program.

80 For greater certainty, compliance with the requirements of a code of practice or a certification program does not relieve an organization of its obligations under this Act.

81 The Commissioner may

• (a) request that an entity that operates an approved certification program provide the Commissioner with information that relates to the program;

• (b) cooperate with an entity that operates an approved certification program for the purpose of the exercise of the Commissioner’s powers and the performance of the Commissioner’s duties and functions under this Act;

• (c) in accordance with the regulations, recommend to an entity that operates an approved certification program that an organization’s certification be withdrawn, in the circumstances and according to the criteria set out in the regulations, if the Commissioner is of the opinion that the organization is not in compliance with the requirements of the program;

• (d) disclose information to the Commissioner of Competition, under an agreement or arrangement entered into under section 118, that relates to an entity that operates an approved certification program or an organization that is certified under an approved certification program;

• (e) in accordance with the regulations, revoke an approval of a certification program in the circumstances and according to the criteria set out in the regulations; or

• (f) consult with federal government institutions respecting codes of practice or certification programs.

82 (1) An individual may file with the Commissioner a written complaint against an organization for contravening Part 1.

(2) If the Commissioner is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to investigate a matter under this Act, the Commissioner may initiate a complaint in respect of the matter.

(3) A complaint that results from the refusal to grant a request made under section 63 must be filed within six months, or any longer period that the Commissioner allows, after the refusal or after the expiry of the time limit for responding to the request, as the case may be.

(4) The Commissioner must give notice of a complaint to the organization against which the complaint was made, unless the Commissioner decides under section 84 not to carry out an investigation.

83 (1) The Commissioner must carry out an investigation in respect of a complaint, unless the Commissioner is of the opinion that

• (a) the complainant should first exhaust grievance or review procedures otherwise reasonably available;

• (b) the complaint could more appropriately be dealt with, initially or completely, by means of a procedure provided for under any federal law, other than this Act, or provincial law;

• (c) the complaint was not filed within a reasonable period after the day on which the subject matter of the complaint arose;

• (d) the complaint raises an issue in respect of which a certification program that was approved by the Commissioner under subsection 77(2) applies and the organization is certified under that program;

• (e) there is insufficient evidence to pursue the investigation;

• (f) the complaint is trivial, frivolous or vexatious or is made in bad faith;

• (g) the organization has provided a fair and reasonable response to the complaint;

• (h) the matter is already the object of an ongoing investigation or inquiry under this Act;

• (i) the matter has already been the subject of a report or decision by the Commissioner;

• (j) the matter is being or has already been addressed under a procedure referred to in paragraph (a) or (b);

• (k) the matter is the object of a compliance agreement entered into under subsection 87(1); or

• (l) an investigation or any further investigation is unnecessary having regard to all the circumstances of the complaint.

(2) The Commissioner must notify the complainant and the organization of the Commissioner’s decision not to investigate the complaint or any act referred to in the complaint and give reasons for the decision. However, if the decision is made for any of the reasons set out in section 84, the Commissioner must not notify the organization.

(3) The Commissioner may reconsider a decision not to investigate under subsection (1) if the Commissioner is satisfied that the complainant has established that there are compelling reasons to investigate.

84 Despite subsection 83(1), the Commissioner is not required to carry out an investigation in respect of an act referred to in a complaint if the Commissioner is of the opinion that the act, if proved, would constitute a contravention of any of sections 6 to 9 of An Act to promote the efficiency and adaptability of the Canadian economy by regulating certain activities that discourage reliance on electronic means of carrying out commercial activities, and to amend the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Act, the Competition Act, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and the Telecommunications Act or section 52.‍01 of the Competition Act or would constitute conduct that is reviewable under section 74.‍011 of that Act.

85 The Commissioner may discontinue the investigation of a complaint if the Commissioner has formed an opinion referred to in subsection 83(1) or section 84. The Commissioner must notify the complainant and the organization of the discontinuance and give reasons for the decision.

86 The Commissioner may attempt to resolve a complaint by means of a dispute resolution mechanism such as mediation and conciliation, unless an inquiry is being conducted in respect of the complaint.

87 (1) If, in the course of an investigation, the Commissioner believes on reasonable grounds that an organization has committed, is about to commit or is likely to commit an act or omission that could constitute a contravention of Part 1, the Commissioner may enter into a compliance agreement with that organization, aimed at ensuring compliance with this Act.

(2) A compliance agreement may contain any terms that the Commissioner considers necessary to ensure compliance with this Act.

(3) The Commissioner must not commence an inquiry under section 89 in respect of any matter covered under the agreement.

(4) For greater certainty, a compliance agreement does not preclude the prosecution of an offence under this Act.

88 The Commissioner must notify the complainant and the organization and give reasons for the decision if an investigation has concluded and the Commissioner has decided not to conduct an inquiry.

89 (1) After investigating a complaint, the Commissioner may conduct an inquiry in respect of the complaint if the matter is not

• (a) the subject of dispute resolution under section 86;

• (b) discontinued; or

• (c) resolved.

(2) The Commissioner must give notice of the inquiry to the complainant and the organization.

90 (1) If the Commissioner believes on reasonable grounds that an organization is not complying with the terms of a compliance agreement entered into under subsection 87(1), the Commissioner may conduct an inquiry in respect of the non-compliance.

(2) The Commissioner must give notice of the inquiry to the organization.

91 (1) Subject to subsection (2), the Commissioner is not bound by any legal or technical rules of evidence in conducting an inquiry and must deal with the matter as informally and expeditiously as the circumstances and considerations of fairness and natural justice permit.

(2) The Commissioner must not receive or accept as evidence anything that would be inadmissible in a court by reason of any privilege under the law of evidence.

(3) In conducting the inquiry, the Commissioner must give the organization and the complainant an opportunity to be heard and to be assisted or represented by counsel or by any person.

(4) The Commissioner may hold all or any part of the inquiry in private.

92 The Commissioner must make rules respecting the conduct of an inquiry, including the procedure and rules of evidence to be followed, and must make those rules publicly available.

93 (1) The Commissioner must complete an inquiry by rendering a decision that sets out

• (a) the Commissioner’s findings on whether the organization has contravened this Act or has not complied with the terms of a compliance agreement;

• (b) any order made under subsection (2);

• (c) any decision made under subsection 94(1); and

• (d) the Commissioner’s reasons for the findings, order or decision.

(2) The Commissioner may, to the extent that is reasonably necessary to ensure compliance with this Act, order the organization to

• (a) take measures to comply with this Act;

• (b) stop doing something that is in contravention of this Act;

• (c) comply with the terms of a compliance agreement that has been entered into by the organization; or

• (d) make public any measures taken or proposed to be taken to correct the policies, practices or procedures that the organization has put in place to fulfill its obligations under this Act.

(3) The decision must be sent to the complainant and the organization without delay.

(4) An inquiry conducted under section 89 must be completed within one year after the day on which the complaint is filed or is initiated by the Commissioner. However, the Commissioner may extend the time limit, for a period not exceeding one year, by notifying the complainant and the organization of the anticipated date on which the decision is to be made.

94 (1) If, on completing an inquiry under section 89 or 90, the Commissioner finds that an organization has contravened one or more of the following provisions, the Commissioner must decide whether to recommend that a penalty be imposed on the organization by the Tribunal:

• (a) subsection 9(1);

• (b) subsection 11(1);

• (c) subsections 12(3) and (4);

• (d) section 13;

• (e) subsection 14(1);

• (f) subsections 15(1) and (7);

• (g) section 16;

• (h) subsection 17(2);

• (i) section 53;

• (j) subsections 55(1) and (4);

• (k) subsection 57(1);

• (l) subsections 58(1) and (3);

• (m) section 61; and

• (n) subsection 62(1).

(2) In making the decision, the Commissioner must take into account the following factors:

• (a) the nature and scope of the contravention;

• (b) any evidence that the organization exercised due diligence to avoid the contravention;

• (c) whether the organization made reasonable efforts to mitigate or reverse the contravention’s effects;

• (d) the organization’s history of compliance with this Act;

• (e) any prescribed factor; and

• (f) any other relevant factor.

(3) The Commissioner must not recommend that a penalty be imposed on an organization if the Commissioner is of the opinion that, at the time of the contravention of the provision in question, the organization was in compliance with the requirements of a certification program that was in relation to that provision and was approved by the Commissioner under subsection 77(2).

(4) If the Commissioner decides to recommend that a penalty be imposed on an organization, the Commissioner must file with the Tribunal a copy of the decision rendered under subsection 93(1) that sets out the decision to recommend.

95 (1) The Tribunal may, by order, impose a penalty on an organization if

• (a) the Commissioner files a copy of a decision in relation to the organization in accordance with subsection 94(4) or the Tribunal, on appeal, substitutes its own decision to recommend that a penalty be imposed on the organization for the Commissioner’s decision not to recommend;

• (b) the organization and the Commissioner are given the opportunity to make representations; and

• (c) the Tribunal determines that imposing the penalty is appropriate.

(2) In determining whether it is appropriate to impose a penalty on an organization, the Tribunal must rely on the findings set out in the decision that is rendered by the Commissioner under subsection 93(1) in relation to the organization or on the Tribunal’s own findings if, on appeal, it substitutes its own findings for those of the Commissioner.

(3) The Tribunal must not impose a penalty on an organization in relation to a contravention if a prosecution for the act or omission that constitutes the contravention has been instituted against the organization or if the organization establishes that it exercised due diligence to prevent the contravention.

(4) The maximum penalty for all the contraventions in a recommendation taken together is the higher of $10,000,000 and 3% of the organization’s gross global revenue in its financial year before the one in which the penalty is imposed.

(5) In determining whether it is appropriate to impose a penalty on an organization and in determining the amount of a penalty, the Tribunal must take the following factors into account:

• (a) the factors set out in subsection 94(2);

• (b) the organization’s ability to pay the penalty and the likely effect of paying it on the organization’s ability to carry on its business; and

• (c) any financial benefit that the organization obtained from the contravention.

(6) The purpose of a penalty is to promote compliance with this Act and not to punish.

96 A penalty imposed under section 95 constitutes a debt due to Her Majesty and the debt is payable and may be recovered by the Minister as of the day on which it is imposed.

97 The Commissioner may, on reasonable notice and at any reasonable time, audit the personal information management practices of an organization if the Commissioner has reasonable grounds to believe that the organization has contravened, is contravening or is likely to contravene Part 1.

98 (1) After an audit, the Commissioner must provide the audited organization with a report that contains the findings of the audit and any recommendations that the Commissioner considers appropriate.

(2) The report may be included in a report made under section 121.

99 (1) In carrying out an investigation of a complaint, conducting an inquiry or carrying out an audit, the Commissioner may

• (a) summon and enforce the appearance of persons before the Commissioner and compel them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce any records and things that the Commissioner considers necessary to carry out the investigation, conduct the inquiry or carry out the audit, in the same manner and to the same extent as a superior court of record;

• (b) administer oaths;

• (c) receive and accept any evidence and other information, whether on oath, by affidavit or otherwise, that the Commissioner sees fit, whether or not it is or would be admissible in a court of law;

• (d) make any interim order that the Commissioner considers appropriate;

• (e) order an organization that has information that is relevant to the investigation, inquiry or audit to retain the information for as long as is necessary to allow the Commissioner to carry out the investigation, conduct the inquiry or carry out the audit;

• (f) at any reasonable time, enter any premises, other than a dwelling-house, occupied by an organization on satisfying any security requirements of the organization relating to the premises;

• (g) converse in private with any person in any premises entered under paragraph (f) and otherwise make any inquiries in those premises that the Commissioner sees fit; and

• (h) examine or obtain copies of or extracts from records found in any premises entered under paragraph (f) that contain any matter relevant to the investigation, inquiry or audit.

(2) The Commissioner or the Commissioner’s delegate must return to a person or an organization any record or thing that they produced under this section within 10 days after the day on which they make a request to the Commissioner or the delegate, but nothing precludes the Commissioner or the delegate from again requiring that the record or thing be produced.

100 (1) The Commissioner may delegate any of the powers, duties or functions set out in sections 83 to 97 and subsection 99(1).

(2) Any person to whom powers set out in subsection 99(1) are delegated must be given a certificate of the delegation and the delegate must produce the certificate, on request, to the person in charge of any premises to be entered under paragraph (f) of that subsection.

101 (1) A complainant or organization that is affected by any of the following findings, orders or decisions may appeal it to the Tribunal:

• (a) a finding that is set out in a decision rendered under subsection 93(1);

• (b) an order made under subsection 93(2); or

• (c) a decision made under subsection 94(1) not to recommend that a penalty be imposed on the organization.

(2) The time limit for making an appeal is 30 days after the day on which the Commissioner renders the decision under subsection 93(1) that sets out the finding, order or decision.

102 (1) A complainant or organization that is affected by an interim order made under paragraph 99(1)‍(d) may, with leave of the Tribunal, appeal the order to the Tribunal.

(2) The time limit for making an application for leave to appeal is 30 days after the day on which the order is made.

103 (1) The Tribunal may dispose of an appeal by dismissing it or by allowing it and, in allowing the appeal, the Tribunal may substitute its own finding, order or decision for the one under appeal.

(2) The standard of review for an appeal is correctness for questions of law and palpable and overriding error for questions of fact or questions of mixed law and fact.

104 (1) If an order made by the Commissioner under subsection 93(2) is not appealed to the Tribunal or an appeal of the order is dismissed by the Tribunal, the order may, for the purposes of its enforcement, be made an order of the Federal Court and is enforceable in the same manner as an order of that Court.

(2) If an application for leave to appeal to the Tribunal is not made in relation to an order made by the Commissioner under paragraph 99(1)‍(d), a leave application in relation to the order is dismissed by the Tribunal or a leave application in relation to the order is granted by the Tribunal but the appeal is dismissed, then the order may, for the purposes of its enforcement, be made an order of the Federal Court and is enforceable in the same manner as an order of that Court.

105 If the Tribunal, on appeal, substitutes its own order for an order of the Commissioner made under subsection 93(2) or paragraph 99(1)‍(d), the Tribunal’s order may, for the purposes of its enforcement, be made an order of the Federal Court and is enforceable in the same manner as an order of that Court.

106 An order referred to in section 104 or 105 is made an order of the Federal Court by filing a certified copy of it with the Registrar of that Court.

107 (1) An individual who is affected by an act or omission by an organization that constitutes a contravention of this Act has a cause of action against the organization for damages for loss or injury that the individual has suffered as a result of the contravention if

• (a) the Commissioner has made a finding under paragraph 93(1)‍(a) that the organization has contravened this Act and

  • (i) the finding is not appealed and the time limit for making an appeal under subsection 101(2) has expired, or

  • (ii) the Tribunal has dismissed an appeal of the finding under subsection 103(1); or

• (b) the Tribunal has made a finding under subsection 103(1) that the organization has contravened this Act.

(2) If an organization has been convicted of an offence under section 128, an individual affected by the act or omission that gave rise to the offence has a cause of action against the organization for damages for loss or injury that the individual has suffered as a result of the act or omission.

(3) An action must not be brought later than two years after the day on which the individual becomes aware of

• (a) in the case of an action under subsection (1), the Commissioner’s finding or, if there is an appeal, the Tribunal’s decision; and

• (b) in the case of an action under subsection (2), the conviction.

(4) An action referred to in subsection (1) or (2) may be brought in the Federal Court or a superior court of a province.

108 (1) If a certificate under section 38.‍13 of the Canada Evidence Act prohibiting the disclosure of personal information of a specific individual is issued before a complaint is filed by that individual under this Act in respect of a request for access to that information, the provisions of this Act respecting that individual’s right of access to their personal information do not apply to the information that is subject to the certificate.

(2) Despite any other provision of this Act, if a certificate under section 38.‍13 of the Canada Evidence Act prohibiting the disclosure of personal information of a specific individual is issued after the filing of a complaint under this Act in relation to a request for access to that information,

• (a) all proceedings under this Act in respect of that information, including an investigation, inquiry, audit, appeal or judicial review, are discontinued;

• (b) the Commissioner must not disclose the information and must take all necessary precautions to prevent its disclosure; and

• (c) the Commissioner must, within 10 days after the day on which the certificate is published in the Canada Gazette, return the information to the organization that provided the information.

(3) The Commissioner and every person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner, in exercising their powers and performing their duties and functions under this Act, must not disclose information subject to a certificate issued under section 38.‍13 of the Canada Evidence Act and must take every reasonable precaution to avoid the disclosure of that information.

(4) The Commissioner must not delegate the investigation or inquiry in respect of any complaint relating to information subject to a certificate issued under section 38.‍13 of the Canada Evidence Act except to one of a maximum of four officers or employees of the Commissioner specifically designated by the Commissioner for the purpose of conducting that investigation or inquiry, as the case may be.

109 In exercising any powers and performing the any duties and functions under this Act, the Commissioner must take into account

• (a) the purpose of this Act;

• (b) the size and revenue of organizations;

• (c) the volume and sensitivity of the personal information under their control; and

• (d) matters of general public interest.

110 (1) The Commissioner must, in the form and manner that the Commissioner considers appropriate,

• (a) develop and conduct information programs to foster public understanding of this Act and recognition of its purposes;

• (b) develop guidance materials and tools for organizations in relation to their compliance with this Act — including any guidance materials and tools that are requested by the Minister — in consultation with stakeholders, including any relevant federal government institutions;

• (c) undertake and publish research that is related to the protection of personal information, including any research that is requested by the Minister;

• (d) undertake and publish any research related to the operation or implementation of this Act that is requested by the Minister;

• (e) on request by an organization, provide guidance on — and, if the Commissioner considers it appropriate, recommend corrective measures in relation to — its privacy management program; and

• (f) promote, by any other means that the Commissioner considers appropriate, the purposes of this Act.

(2) For greater certainty, for the purpose of paragraph (1)‍(e), the Commissioner may prioritize the requests of organizations that the Commissioner considers to be in greatest need of guidance and is not required to act on a request that the Commissioner considers unreasonable.

111 The Commissioner must not use the information the Commissioner receives under section 10 or paragraph 110(1)‍(e) as grounds to initiate a complaint under subsection 82(2) or to carry out an audit under section 97 unless the Commissioner considers that the organization has wilfully disregarded the corrective measures that were recommended in relation to its privacy management program.

112 The Commissioner must make readily available information on the manner in which the Commissioner exercises the Commissioner’s powers or performs the Commissioner’s duties or functions under this Act.

113 (1) Subject to subsections (3) to (8), section 79, paragraph 81(c), subsections 82(4) and 83(2), section 88, subsections 89(2) and 90(2), section 93, subsections 94(4), 98(1), 118(2), 119(3) and 120(1) and section 121, the Commissioner or any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner must not disclose any information that comes to their knowledge as a result of the exercise of any of the Commissioner’s powers or the performance of any of the Commissioner’s duties or functions under this Act other than those referred to in subsection 58(1) or 60(2).

(2) Subject to subsections (3) to (8), section 79, paragraph 81(c), subsections 82(4) and 83(2), section 88, subsections 89(2) and 90(2), section 93, subsections 94(4), 98(1), 118(2), 119(3) and 120(1) and section 121, the Commissioner or any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner must not disclose any information contained in a report made under subsection 58(1) or in a record obtained under subsection 60(2).

(3) The Commissioner may, if the Commissioner considers that it is in the public interest to do so, make public any information that comes to the Commissioner’s knowledge in the exercise of any of the Commissioner’s powers or the performance of any of the Commissioner’s duties or functions under this Act.

(4) The Commissioner may disclose, or may authorize any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner to disclose, information that in the Commissioner’s opinion is necessary to

• (a) carry out an investigation, conduct an inquiry or carry out an audit under this Act; or

• (b) establish the grounds for findings and recommendations contained in any decision or report made under this Act.

(5) The Commissioner may disclose, or may authorize any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner to disclose, information in the course of

• (a) a prosecution for an offence under section 128;

• (b) a prosecution for an offence under section 132 of the Criminal Code (perjury) in respect of a statement made under this Act;

• (c) a proceeding or an appeal before the Tribunal under this Act; or

• (d) a judicial review in relation to the exercise of any of the Commissioner’s powers or the performance of any of the Commissioner’s duties or functions under this Act or in relation to a decision of the Tribunal.

(6) The Commissioner may disclose to the Attorney General of Canada or of a province, as the case may be, information relating to the commission of an offence under any federal or provincial law on the part of an officer or employee of an organization if, in the Commissioner’s opinion, there is evidence of an offence.

(7) The Commissioner may disclose, or may authorize any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner to disclose, to a government institution or a part of a government institution, any information contained in a report made under subsection 58(1) or in a record obtained under subsection 60(2) if the Commissioner has reasonable grounds to believe that the information could be useful in the investigation of a contravention of any federal or provincial law that has been, is being or is about to be committed.

(8) The Commissioner may disclose information, or may authorize any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner to disclose information, in the course of proceedings in which the Commissioner has intervened under paragraph 50(c) of An Act to promote the efficiency and adaptability of the Canadian economy by regulating certain activities that discourage reliance on electronic means of carrying out commercial activities, and to amend the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Act, the Competition Act, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and the Telecommunications Act or in accordance with subsection 58(3) or 60(1) of that Act.

114 The Commissioner or any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner is not a competent witness in respect of any matter that comes to their knowledge as a result of the exercise of any of the Commissioner’s powers or the performance of any of the Commissioner’s duties or functions under this Act in any proceeding other than

• (a) a prosecution for an offence under section 128;

• (b) a prosecution for an offence under section 132 of the Criminal Code (perjury) in respect of a statement made under this Act; or

• (c) a proceeding or an appeal before the Tribunal under this Act.

115 (1) No criminal or civil proceedings lie against the Commissioner, or against any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner, for anything done, reported, decided or said in good faith as a result of the exercise or purported exercise of any power of the Commissioner or the performance or purported performance of any duty or function of the Commissioner under this Act.

(2) No action lies in defamation with respect to

• (a) anything said, any information supplied or any record or thing produced in good faith in the course of an investigation or audit carried out or an inquiry conducted by or on behalf of the Commissioner under this Act; and

• (b) any report or decision made in good faith by the Commissioner under this Act and any fair and accurate account of the report or decision made in good faith for the purpose of news reporting.

116 For the purpose of paragraph 75(e), the Commissioner may, on request by an organization, authorize a purpose or situation in which the organization may use information that has been de-identified, alone or in combination with other information, to identify an individual if, in the Commissioner’s opinion, it is clearly in the interests of the individual.

117 The Commissioner may enter into an agreement or arrangement with the Minister relating to the administration of this Act.

118 (1) The Commissioner may enter into agreements or arrangements with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission or the Commissioner of Competition in order to

• (a) undertake and publish research on issues of mutual interest; and

• (b) develop procedures for disclosing information referred to in subsection (2).

(2) The Commissioner may, in accordance with any procedure established under paragraph (1)‍(b), disclose information, other than information the Commissioner has received under section 10 or paragraph 110(1)‍(e), to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission or the Commissioner of Competition if the information is relevant to their powers, duties or functions.

(3) The procedures referred to in paragraph (1)‍(b) must

• (a) restrict the use of the information to the purpose for which it was originally disclosed; and

• (b) stipulate that the information be treated in a confidential manner and not be further disclosed without the express consent of the Commissioner.

119 (1) If the Commissioner considers it appropriate to do so, or on the request of an interested person, the Commissioner may, in order to ensure that personal information is protected in as consistent a manner as possible, consult with any person who, under provincial legislation, has powers, duties and functions similar to those of the Commissioner with respect to the protection of personal information.

(2) The Commissioner may enter into agreements or arrangements with any person referred to in subsection (1) in order to

• (a) coordinate the activities of their offices and the office of the Commissioner, including to provide for mechanisms for the handling of any complaint in which they are mutually interested;

• (b) undertake and publish research or develop and publish guidelines or other documents related to the protection of personal information;

• (c) develop model contracts or other documents related to the protection of personal information that is collected, used or disclosed interprovincially or internationally; and

• (d) develop procedures for disclosing information referred to in subsection (3).

(3) The Commissioner may, in accordance with any procedure established under paragraph (2)‍(d), disclose information, other than information the Commissioner has received under section 10 or paragraph 110(1)‍(e), to any person referred to in subsection (1), if the information

• (a) could be relevant to an ongoing or potential investigation of a complaint, inquiry or audit under this Act or provincial legislation that has objectives that are similar to this Act; or

• (b) could assist the Commissioner or that person in the exercise of their powers or the performance of their duties or functions with respect to the protection of personal information.

(4) The procedures referred to in paragraph (2)‍(d) must

• (a) restrict the use of the information to the purpose for which it was originally disclosed; and

• (b) stipulate that the information be treated in a confidential manner and not be further disclosed without the express consent of the Commissioner.

120 (1) Subject to subsection (3), the Commissioner may, in accordance with any procedure established under paragraph (4)‍(b), disclose information referred to in subsection (2), other than information the Commissioner has received under section 10 or paragraph 110(1)‍(e), that has come to the Commissioner’s knowledge as a result of the exercise of any of the Commissioner’s powers or the performance of any of the Commissioner’s duties and functions under this Act to any person or body who, under the legislation of a foreign state, has

• (a) powers, duties and functions similar to those of the Commissioner with respect to the protection of personal information; or

• (b) responsibilities that relate to conduct that is substantially similar to conduct that would be in contravention of this Act.

(2) The information that the Commissioner is authorized to disclose under subsection (1) is information that the Commissioner believes

• (a) would be relevant to an ongoing or potential investigation or proceeding in respect of a contravention of the laws of a foreign state that address conduct that is substantially similar to conduct that would be in contravention of this Act; or

• (b) is necessary to disclose in order to obtain from the person or body information that may be useful to an ongoing or potential investigation, inquiry or audit under this Act.

(3) The Commissioner may only disclose information to the person or body referred to in subsection (1) if the Commissioner has entered into a written arrangement with that person or body that

• (a) limits the information to be disclosed to that which is necessary for the purpose set out in paragraph (2)‍(a) or (b);

• (b) restricts the use of the information to the purpose for which it was originally disclosed; and

• (c) stipulates that the information be treated in a confidential manner and not be further disclosed without the express consent of the Commissioner.

(4) The Commissioner may enter into arrangements with one or more persons or bodies referred to in subsection (1) in order to

• (a) provide for cooperation with respect to the enforcement of laws protecting personal information, including the disclosure of information referred to in subsection (2) and the provision of mechanisms for the handling of any complaint in which they are mutually interested;

• (b) establish procedures for disclosing information referred to in subsection (2);

• (c) develop recommendations, resolutions, rules, standards or other documents with respect to the protection of personal information;

• (d) undertake and publish research related to the protection of personal information;

• (e) share knowledge and expertise by different means, including through staff exchanges; or

• (f) identify issues of mutual interest and determine priorities pertaining to the protection of personal information.

121 (1) The Commissioner must, within three months after the end of each financial year, cause to be tabled in each House of Parliament a report concerning the application of this Act, the extent to which the provinces have enacted legislation that is substantially similar to this Act and the application of any such legislation.

(2) Before preparing the report, the Commissioner must consult with those persons in the provinces who, in the Commissioner’s opinion, are in a position to assist the Commissioner in making a report respecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed interprovincially or internationally.

122 (1) The Governor in Council may make regulations for carrying out the purposes and provisions of this Act, including regulations

• (a) respecting the scope of any of the activities set out in paragraphs 18(2)‍(a) to (c), including specifying activities that are excluded from the application of this Act;

• (b) specifying what is a government institution or part of a government institution for the purposes of any provision of this Act;

• (c) specifying information for the purpose of section 51;

• (d) specifying information to be kept and maintained under subsection 60(1); and

• (e) prescribing anything that by this Act is to be prescribed.

(2) The Governor in Council may, by order,

• (a) provide that this Act is binding on any agent of Her Majesty in right of Canada to which the Privacy Act does not apply;

• (b) if satisfied that legislation of a province that is substantially similar to this Act applies to an organization, a class of organizations, an activity or a class of activities, exempt the organization, activity or class from the application of this Act in respect of the collection, use or disclosure of personal information that occurs within that province; and

• (c) amend the schedule by adding or deleting, in column 1, a reference to an organization or by adding or deleting, in column 2, the description of personal information in relation to an organization in column 1.

(3) The Governor in Council may make regulations establishing

• (a) criteria that are to be applied in making a determination under paragraph (2)‍(b) that provincial legislation is substantially similar to this Act, or in reconsidering that determination; and

• (b) the process for making or reconsidering that determination.

123 The Governor in Council may make regulations respecting the disclosure of personal information under section 72, including regulations

• (a) respecting data mobility frameworks and prescribing

  • (i) safeguards that must be put in place by organizations to enable the secure disclosure of personal information under section 72 and the collection of that information, and

  • (ii) parameters for the technical means for ensuring interoperability in respect of the disclosure and collection of that information;

• (b) specifying organizations that are subject to a data mobility framework; and

• (c) providing for exceptions to the requirement to disclose personal information under that section, including exceptions related to the protection of proprietary or confidential commercial information.

124 Regulations made under subsection 122(1) or section 123 may distinguish among different classes of activities, government institutions or parts of government institutions, information, organizations or entities.

125 The Minister may make regulations

• (a) respecting the making of an application under subsection 76(2);

• (b) setting out criteria for the purpose of subsection 76(3);

• (c) respecting the reconsideration of a determination made under subsection 76(3);

• (d) respecting the making of an application under subsection 77(1);

• (e) providing for anything else that must be included in a certification program for the purpose of paragraph 77(1)‍(f);

• (f) setting out criteria for the purpose of subsection 77(2);

• (g) respecting the reconsideration of a determination made under subsection 77(2);

• (h) specifying, for the purpose of section 78, the time for responding to an application;

• (i) respecting the criteria for and the manner and the circumstances in which a recommendation may be made under paragraph 81(c);

• (j) respecting the criteria for and the manner and the circumstances in which an approval may be revoked under paragraph 81(e); and

• (k) respecting record-keeping and reporting obligations of an entity that operates an approved certification program, including obligations to provide reports to the Commissioner in respect of an approved certification program.

126 (1) Any person who has reasonable grounds to believe that a person has contravened or intends to contravene Part 1 may notify the Commissioner of the particulars of the matter and may request that their identity be kept confidential with respect to the notification.

(2) The Commissioner must keep confidential the identity of a person who has notified the Commissioner under subsection (1) and to whom an assurance of confidentiality has been provided by the Commissioner.

127 (1) An employer must not dismiss, suspend, demote, discipline, harass or otherwise disadvantage an employee, or deny an employee a benefit of employment, by reason that

• (a) the employee, acting in good faith and on the basis of reasonable belief, has disclosed to the Commissioner that the employer or any other person has contravened or intends to contravene Part 1;

• (b) the employee, acting in good faith and on the basis of reasonable belief, has refused or stated an intention of refusing to do anything that is a contravention of Part 1;

• (c) the employee, acting in good faith and on the basis of reasonable belief, has done or stated an intention of doing anything that is required to be done in order that Part 1 not be contravened; or

• (d) the employer believes that the employee will do anything referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

(2) Nothing in this section impairs any right of an employee, either at law or under an employment contract or collective agreement.

(3) In this section, employee includes an independent contractor and employer has a corresponding meaning.

128 Every organization that knowingly contravenes section 58, subsection 60(1), section 69 or 75 or subsection 127(1) or an order under subsection 93(2) or that obstructs the Commissioner or the Commissioner’s delegate in the investigation of a complaint, in conducting an inquiry or in carrying out an audit is

• (a) guilty of an indictable offence and liable to a fine not exceeding the higher of $25,000,000 and 5% of the organization’s gross global revenue in its financial year before the one in which the organization is sentenced; or

• (b) guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to a fine not exceeding the higher of $20,000,000 and 4% of the organization’s gross global revenue in its financial year before the one in which the organization is sentenced.

129 (1) Five years after the day on which this section comes into force, and every five years after that, a comprehensive review of the provisions and operation of this Act is to be commenced by a committee of the Senate, of the House of Commons or of both Houses of Parliament that may be designated or established by the Senate, the House of Commons or both Houses of Parliament, as the case may be, for that purpose.

(2) Within one year, or any further time that is authorized by the Senate, the House of Commons or both Houses of Parliament, as the case may be, after the day on which the review is commenced, the committee must submit a report on that review to the Senate, the House of Commons or both Houses of Parliament, as the case may be, together with a statement of any changes recommended by the committee.

PART 3 

Coming into Force

130 (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), this Act comes into force on the day on which section 3 of the Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022 comes into force.

(2) Sections 72 and 123 come into force on a day to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council.

(3) Sections 76 to 81, paragraph 83(1)‍(d), subsection 94(3) and section 125 come into force on a day to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council.

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

Loi sur la protection des renseignements personnels et les documents électroniques

Start of inserted block

Consumer Privacy Protection Act

Loi sur la protection de la vie privée des consommateurs

End of inserted block

14 The Privacy Commissioner, for the purposes of the Insertion start Consumer Privacy Insertion end Protection Act

17 The Personal Information and Insertion start Data Insertion end Protection Insertion start Tribunal Insertion end , for the purposes of the Insertion start Consumer Privacy Insertion end Protection Act